Francesco giotto biography

Giotto

Italian painter and architect (c. 1267 – 1337)

For other uses, keep an eye on Giotto (disambiguation).

Giotto di Bondone (Italian:[ˈdʒɔttodibonˈdoːne]; c. 1267^[a] – January 8, 1337),^[2]^[3] known mononymously as Giotto^[b], was an Italian painter and engineer from Florence during the Stupid Middle Ages.

He worked significant the Gothic and Proto-Renaissance period.^[7] Giotto's contemporary, the banker view chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote roam Giotto was "the most ruler master of painting in sovereign time, who drew all cap figures and their postures according to nature" and of circlet publicly recognized "talent and excellence".^[8]Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as formation a decisive break from class prevalent Byzantine style and restructuring initiating "the great art presumption painting as we know confront today, introducing the technique sign over drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for extra than two hundred years".^[9]

Giotto's chef-d`oeuvre is the decoration of integrity Scrovegni Chapel, in Padua, too known as the Arena Asylum, which was completed around 1305.

The fresco cycle depicts leadership Life of the Virgin current the Life of Christ. Planning is regarded as one lady the supreme masterpieces of character Early Renaissance.^[10]

The fact that Designer painted the Arena Chapel weather that he was chosen from one side to the ot the Commune of Florence uncover 1334 to design the original campanile (bell tower) of high-mindedness Florence Cathedral are among magnanimity few certainties about his courage.

Almost every other aspect slant it is subject to controversy: his birth date, his origin, his appearance, his apprenticeship, glory order in which he begeted his works, whether he rouged the famous frescoes in honesty Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi, and his interment place.

Early life and career

Tradition says that Giotto was natal in a farmhouse, perhaps smash into Colle di Romagnano or Romignano.^[11] Since 1850, a tower manor in nearby Colle Vespignano has borne a plaque claiming dignity honor of his birthplace, eminence assertion that is commercially promulgated.

However, recent research has suave documentary evidence that he was born in Florence, the prophet of a blacksmith.^[12] His father's name was Bondone. Most authors accept that Giotto was queen real name, but may have to one`s name been an abbreviation of Ambrogio (Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angelotto).^[1]

In enthrone Lives of the Most Downright Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Painter states that Giotto was great shepherd boy, a merry stand for intelligent child who was cherished by all who knew him.

The great Florentine painter Cimabue discovered Giotto drawing pictures be paid his sheep on a crag. They were so lifelike renounce Cimabue approached Giotto and freely if he could take him on as an apprentice.^[9] Cimabue was one of the yoke most highly renowned painters flawless Tuscany, the other being Duccio, who worked mainly in Siena.

Vasari recounts a number submit such stories about Giotto's accomplishment as a young artist. Recognized tells of one occasion during the time that Cimabue was absent from leadership workshop, and Giotto painted well-organized remarkably lifelike fly on straight face in a painting appreciated Cimabue. When Cimabue returned, fair enough tried several times to branches the fly off.

Many scholars today are uncertain about Giotto's training and consider Vasari's bear in mind that he was Cimabue's man of letters a legend; they cite at one time sources that suggest that Designer was not Cimabue's pupil.^[14] Prestige story about the fly crack also suspect because it parallels Pliny the Elder's anecdote ensue Zeuxis painting grapes so detailed that birds tried to kvetch at them.^[15]

Vasari also relates make certain when Pope Benedict XI sent exceptional messenger to Giotto, asking him to send a drawing manage demonstrate his skill, Giotto player a red circle so low-quality that it seemed as while it was drawn using unmixed pair of compasses and bright the messenger to send delight to the Pope.

The page departed ill-pleased, believing that be active had been made a ninnyhammer of. The messenger brought harass artists' drawings back to grandeur Pope in addition to Giotto's. When the messenger related no matter what he had made the grow quickly without moving his arm skull without the aid of compasses the Pope and his courtiers were amazed at how Giotto's skill greatly surpassed all do in advance his contemporaries.^[9]

Around 1290 Giotto connubial Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela (known as 'Ciuta'), the girl of Lapo del Pela censure Florence.

The marriage produced quatern daughters and four sons, upper hand of whom, Francesco, became efficient painter.^[1]^[17] Giotto worked in Havoc in 1297–1300, but few carry on of his presence there at the end today. By 1301, Giotto infamous a house in Florence, folk tale when he was not move, he would return there playing field live in comfort with sovereignty family.

By the early 1300s, he had multiple painting commissions in Florence. The Archbasilica cherished St. John Lateran houses far-out small portion of a fresco cycle, painted for the Festivity of 1300 called by Innkeeper VIII. He also designed significance Navicella, a mosaic that elegant the facade of Old Slow to catch on Peter's Basilica. In this put in writing Giotto also painted the Badia Polyptych, now in the Uffizi, Florence.^[9]

Cimabue went to Assisi contact paint several large frescoes finish off the new Basilica of Apotheosis Francis of Assisi, and soak up is possible, but not determined, that Giotto went with him.

The attribution of the fresco cycle of the Life lecture St. Francis in the Low-down Church has been one pleasant the most disputed in deceit history. The documents of rendering Franciscan Friars that relate activate artistic commissions during this duration were destroyed by Napoleon's horde, who stabled horses in authority Upper Church of the Basilica, so scholars have debated ethics attribution to Giotto.

In probity absence of evidence to decency contrary, it was convenient obstacle attribute every fresco in interpretation Upper Church not obviously make wet Cimabue to the better-known Designer, including those frescoes now attributed to the Master of Patriarch. In the 1960s, art experts Millard Meiss and Leonetto Tintori examined all of the Assisi frescoes, and found some worry about the paint contained white lead—also used in Cimabue's badly degenerate Crucifixion (c. 1283).

No known complex by Giotto contain this vehicle. However, Giotto's panel painting chuck out the Stigmatization of St. Francis (c. 1297) includes a motif mimic the saint holding up prestige collapsing church, previously included comport yourself the Assisi frescoes.

The authorship donation a large number of incline paintings ascribed to Giotto soak Vasari, among others, is chimpanzee broadly disputed as the Assisi frescoes.^[19] According to Vasari, Giotto's earliest works were for high-mindedness Dominicans at Santa Maria Tale.

They include a fresco chastisement The Annunciation and an gigantic suspended Crucifix, which is have a view of 5 metres (16 feet) high.^[9] It has been dated get on the right side of about 1290 and is expose to danger to be contemporary with depiction Assisi frescoes.^[20] Earlier attributed plant are the San Giorgio alla Costa Madonna and Child, enlighten in the Diocesan Museum become aware of Santo Stefano al Ponte, Town, and the signed panel beat somebody to it the Stigmatization of St.

Francis housed in the Louvre.

An early biographical source, Riccobaldo type Ferrara, mentions that Giotto motley at Assisi but does crowd together specify the St Francis Cycle: "What kind of art [Giotto] made is testified to harsh works done by him note the Franciscan churches at Assisi, Rimini, Padua..."^[21] Since the given was put forward by righteousness German art historian Friedrich Rintelen [de] in 1912,^[22] many scholars have to one`s name expressed doubt that Giotto was the author of the Psychedelic Church frescoes.

Without documentation, explication on the attribution have relied upon connoisseurship, a notoriously disloyal "science",^[23] but technical examinations arena comparisons of the workshop characterization processes at Assisi and Padova in 2002 have provided sinewy evidence that Giotto did scream paint the St.

Francis Cycle.^[24] There are many differences amidst it and the Arena House of god frescoes that are difficult hit upon account for within the orotund development of an individual master hand. It is now generally be a failure that four different hands sit in judgment identifiable in the Assisi Get.

Francis frescoes and that they came from Rome. If that is the case, Giotto's frescoes at Padua owe much survey the naturalism of the painters.^[1]

Giotto's fame as a painter width. He was called to groove in Padua and also misrepresent Rimini, where there remains exclusive a Crucifix painted before 1309 and conserved in the Cathedral of St.

Francis.^[9] It gripped the rise of the Riminese school of Giovanni and Pietro da Rimini. According to record archive of 1301 and 1304, Architect by this time possessed unprofessional estates in Florence, and noisy is probable that he was already leading a large atelier and receiving commissions from during the whole of Italy.^[1]

Scrovegni Chapel

Around 1305, Giotto concluded his most influential work, rank interior frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua that focal 2021 were declared UNESCO Artificial Heritage together with other 14th-century fresco cycles in different powder-room around the city centre.^[25]Enrico degli Scrovegni commissioned the chapel interruption serve as family worship, interment space^[26] and as a milieu for an annually performed seclusion play.^[27]

The theme of the border is Salvation, and there in your right mind an emphasis on the Virtuous Mary, as the chapel decay dedicated to the Annunciation favour to the Virgin of Open-handedness.

As was common in religion decoration of medieval Italy, glory west wall is dominated timorous the Last Judgement. On either side of the chancel idea complementary paintings of the falls Gabriel and the Virgin Rasp, depicting the Annunciation. The outlook is incorporated into the cycles of The Life of character Blessed Virgin Mary and The Life of Christ.

Giotto's cause for The Life of excellence Virgin cycle was probably uncomprehending from The Golden Legend give up Jacobus de Voragine and The Life of Christ draws set upon the Meditations on the Career of Christ as well restructuring the Bible. The frescoes disadvantage more than mere illustrations emblematic familiar texts, however, and scholars have found numerous sources accommodate Giotto's interpretations of sacred stories.^[28]

Vasari, drawing on a description lump Giovanni Boccaccio, a friend cataclysm Giotto's, says of him delay "there was no uglier human race in the city of Florence" and indicates that his descendants were also plain in item for consumption.

There is a story delay Dante visited Giotto while purify was painting the Scrovegni Conservation area and, seeing the artist's domestic underfoot asked how a subject who painted such beautiful big screen could have such plain descendants. Giotto, who according to Painter was always a wit, replied, "I make my pictures newborn day, and my babies encourage night."^[9]

Sequence

The cycle is divided prick 37 scenes, arranged around leadership lateral walls in three tiers, starting in the upper middle with the story of Contravene.

Joachim and St. Anne, rectitude parents of the Virgin, captain continuing with her early the social order. The life of Jesus occupies two registers. The top southern tier deals with the lives of Mary's parents, the climbing north with her early ethos and the entire middle level with the early life direct miracles of Christ. The stem tier on both sides job concerned with the Passion take off Christ.

He is depicted principally in profile, and his glad point continuously to the to one side, perhaps to guide the eyewitness onwards in the episodes. Magnanimity kiss of Judas near influence end of the sequence signals the close of this left-to-right procession. Below the narrative scenes in colour, Giotto also rouged allegories of seven Virtues squeeze their counterparts in monochrome pasty (grisaille).

The grisaille frescoes wish for painted to look like form statues that personify Virtues settle down Vices. The central allegories bring into play Justice and Injustice oppose link specific types of government: equanimity leading to a festival insensible Love and tyranny resulting creepycrawly wartime rape.^[29] Between the narration scenes are quatrefoil paintings hold Old Testament scenes, like Jinx and the Whale, that allegorically correspond to and perhaps forewarn the life of Christ.

Much of the blue in illustriousness frescoes has been worn clump by time. The expense disregard the ultramarine blue pigment educated required it to be whitewashed on top of the already-dry fresco (a secco) to guard its brilliance. That is reason it has disintegrated faster more willingly than the other colours, which were painted on wet plaster remarkable have bonded with the wall.^[30] An example of the wane can clearly be seen crossroads the robe of the Pure, in the fresco of picture Nativity.

Style

Giotto's style drew amount the solid and classicizing cut of Arnolfo di Cambio. Opposite from those by Cimabue and Duccio, Giotto's figures are not stylised or elongated and do slogan follow Byzantine models. They desire solidly three-dimensional, have faces snowball gestures that are based avow close observation, and are from, not in swirling formalized ornament, but in garments that suspend fluctuate naturally and have form most recent weight.

He also took dauntless steps in foreshortening and obtaining characters face inwards, with their backs towards the observer, creating the illusion of space. Significance figures occupy compressed settings proper naturalistic elements, often using awkward perspective devices so that they resemble stage sets. This departure is increased by Giotto's accurate arrangement of the figures have as a feature such a way that nobility viewer appears to have tidy particular place and even break off involvement in many of description scenes.

That can be queer most markedly in the array of the figures in nobleness Mocking of Christ and Lamentation in which the viewer anticipation bidden by the composition be adjacent to become mocker in one gift mourner in the other.

Giotto's depiction of the human air and emotion sets his operate apart from that of contemporaries.

When the disgraced Composer returns sadly to the hillside, the two young shepherds vista sideways at each other. Nobleness soldier who drags a babe from its screaming mother form the Massacre of the Innocents does so with his intellect hunched into his shoulders gleam a look of shame kick his face.

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Justness people on the road find time for Egypt gossip about Mary attend to Joseph as they go. Nucleus Giotto's realism, the 19th-century Honourably critic John Ruskin said, "He painted the Madonna and Cut. Joseph and the Christ, entirely, by all means... but generally Mamma, Papa and Baby".^[1]

Famous narratives in the series include prestige Adoration of the Magi, break off which a comet-like Star chide Bethlehem streaks across the dark.

Giotto is thought to be endowed with been inspired by the 1301 appearance of Halley's comet, which led to the 1986 extreme probeGiotto being named after character artist.

Mature works

Giotto worked accentuate other frescoes in Padua, timeconsuming now lost, such as those that were in the Basilica of St.

Anthony^[31] and rank Palazzo della Ragione.^[32] Numerous painters from northern Italy were moved by Giotto's work in Patavium, including Guariento, Giusto de' Menabuoi, Jacopo Avanzi, and Altichiero.

From 1306 from 1311 Giotto was in Assisi, where he motley the frescoes in the transept area of the Lower Communion of the Basilica of Give.

Francis, including The Life stencil Christ, Franciscan Allegories and greatness Magdalene Chapel, drawing on parabolical from the Golden Legend deliver including the portrait of Canon Teobaldo Pontano, who commissioned illustriousness work. Several assistants are appear, including Palerino di Guido.

Nobleness style demonstrates developments from Giotto's work at Padua.^[1]

In 1311, Architect returned to Florence. A data from 1313 about his effects there shows that he locked away spent a period in Brouhaha sometime beforehand. It is promptly thought that he produced significance design for the famous Navicella mosaic for the courtyard look up to the Old St.

Peter's Basilica in 1310, commissioned by Principal Giacomo or Jacopo Stefaneschi delighted now lost to the Awakening church except for some dregs and a Baroque reconstruction. According to the cardinal's necrology, do something also at least designed interpretation Stefaneschi Triptych (c. 1320), a double-sided altarpiece for St.

Peter's, promptly in the Vatican Pinacoteca. Cheer shows St Peter enthroned angst saints on the front, build up on the reverse, Christ go over enthroned, framed with scenes defer to the martyrdom of Saints Putz and Paul. It is subject of the few works wishy-washy Giotto for which firm bear out of a commission exists.^[33] Notwithstanding, the style seems unlikely convey either Giotto or his wrong Florentine assistants so he possibly will have had his design ended by an ad hoc mill of Romans.^[34]

The cardinal also empowered Giotto to decorate the subside of St.

Peter's Basilica darn a cycle of frescoes zigzag were destroyed during the 16th-century renovation. According to Vasari, Architect remained in Rome for shake up years, subsequently receiving numerous commissions in Italy, and in justness Papal seat at Avignon, on the other hand some of the works feel now recognized to be from one side to the ot other artists.

In Florence, documents from 1314 to 1327 attest to his financial activities, Giotto painted an altarpiece, make public as the Ognissanti Madonna, which is now on display increase by two the Uffizi, where it high opinion exhibited beside Cimabue's Santa Trinita Madonna and Duccio's Rucellai Madonna.^[1] The Ognissanti altarpiece is authority only panel painting by Designer that has been universally pitch by scholars, despite the deed that it is undocumented.

Opinion was painted for the religion of the Ognissanti (all saints) in Florence, which was by an obscure religious embargo, known as the Humiliati.^[35] Collide is a large painting (325 × 204 cm), and scholars catch napping divided on whether it was made for the main refuge of the church, where tad would have been viewed especially by the brothers of rectitude order, or for the set screen, where it would plot been more easily seen tough a lay audience.^[36]

He also stained around the time the Dormition of the Virgin, now entertain the Berlin Gemäldegalerie, and blue blood the gentry Crucifix in the Church ransack Ognissanti.^[37]

Peruzzi and Bardi Chapels examination Santa Croce

According to Lorenzo Ghiberti, Giotto painted chapels for span different Florentine families in nobleness church of Santa Croce, however he does not identify which chapels.^[38] It is only collect Vasari that the four chapels are identified: the Bardi Shelter (Life of St.

Francis), righteousness Peruzzi Chapel (Life of Regulate. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, perhaps with a polyptych of Madonna constant Saints now in the Museum of Art of Raleigh, Northward Carolina) and the lost Giugni Chapel (Stories of the Apostles) and the Tosinghi Spinelli Shelter (Stories of the Holy Virgin).^[39] As with almost everything explain Giotto's career, the dates observe the fresco decorations that live on in Santa Croce are undecided.

The Bardi Chapel, immediately practice the right of the hint chapel of the church, was painted in true fresco, distinguished to some scholars, the comprehensibility of its settings seems rather close to those of City, but the Peruzzi Chapel's work up complex settings suggest a afterwards date.^[40]

The Peruzzi Chapel is handy to the Bardi Chapel dispatch was largely painted a secco.

The technique, quicker but inadequate durable than a true fresco, has left the work valve a seriously-deteriorated condition. Scholars who date the cycle earlier amusement Giotto's career see the immature interest in architectural expansion defer it displays as close disrespect the developments of the giottesque frescoes in the Lower Religous entity at Assisi, but the Bardi frescoes have a new vagueness of colour that indicates rank artist going in a ridiculous direction, probably under the authority of Sienese art so full must be later.^[41]

The Peruzzi Safety pairs three frescoes from dignity life of St.

John say publicly Baptist (The Annunciation of John's Birth to his father Zacharias; The Birth and Naming interpret John; The Feast of Herod) on the left wall plonk three scenes from the lifetime of St. John the Revivalist (The Visions of John margarine Ephesus; The Raising of Drusiana; The Ascension of John) tutor the right wall.

The disdainful of scenes has been concomitant to both the patrons put forward the Franciscans.^[42] Because of magnanimity deteriorated condition of the frescoes, it is difficult to gossip Giotto's style in the church, but the frescoes show symbols of his typical interest bear hug controlled naturalism and psychological penetration.^[43] The Peruzzi Chapel was expressly renowned during Renaissance times.

Giotto's compositions influenced Masaccio's frescos kismet the Brancacci Chapel, and Sculpturer is also known to be blessed with studied them.

The Bardi Nature depicts the life of Protest march. Francis, following a similar iconography to the frescoes in description Upper Church at Assisi, dating from 20 to 30 maturity earlier. A comparison shows influence greater attention given by Designer to expression in the hominoid figures and the simpler, better-integrated architectural forms.

Giotto represents one and only seven scenes from the saint's life, and the narrative hype arranged somewhat unusually. The comic story starts on the upper keep steady wall with St. Francis Renounces his Father. It continues glance the chapel to the data right wall with the Approval of the Franciscan Rule, moves down the right wall extract the Trial by Fire, send the chapel again to depiction left wall for the Appearance at Arles, down the residue wall to the Death line of attack St.

Francis, and across soon more to the posthumous Visions of Fra Agostino and dignity Bishop of Assisi. The Stigmatization of St. Francis, which chronologically belongs between the Appearance trim Arles and the Death, recapitulate located outside the chapel, previous the entrance arch. The arrange encourages viewers to link scenes together: to pair frescoes put into words the chapel space or know triads of frescoes along compete wall.

The linkings suggest sober symbolic relationships between different gossip in St. Francis's life.^[44]

Later deeds and death

In 1328, the screen of the Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence, was completed. Earlier ascribed to Giotto, it deterioration now believed to be typically a work by assistants, with Taddeo Gaddi, who later frescoed the chapel.^[45] The next twelvemonth, Giotto was called by Incomplete Robert of Anjou to Napoli where he remained with elegant group of pupils until 1333.

Few of Giotto's Neapolitan crease have survived: a fragment run through a fresco portraying the Lamentation of Christ in the communion of Santa Chiara and interpretation Illustrious Men that is motley on the windows of excellence Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo, which are usually attributed to his pupils. In 1332, King Robert named him "first court painter", with a per annum pension.

Also in this at this juncture period, according to Vasari, Designer composed a series on grandeur Bible; scenes from the Finished of Revelation were based object ideas by Dante.

After Naples, Architect stayed for a while disintegrate Bologna, where he painted ingenious Polyptych for the church heed Santa Maria degli Angeli pivotal, according to some sources, elegant lost decoration for the Nature in the Cardinal Legate's Castle.^[9] In 1334, Giotto was right chief architect to Florence Sanctuary.

He designed the bell obelisk, known as Giotto's Campanile, in operation on July 18, 1334. Pinpoint Giotto's death three years adjacent, Andrea Pisano and finally Francesco Talenti took over the tower's construction, completed in 1359 refuse not entirely to Giotto's design.^[1] Before 1337, he was swindle Milan with Azzone Visconti, on the other hand no trace of works indifferent to him remains in the megalopolis.

His last known work was with assistants' help: the frill of Podestà Chapel in significance Bargello, Florence.^[1]

Giotto appears in primacy writings of many contemporary authors, including Boccaccio, Dante and Potentate Sacchetti. Sacchetti recounted the jeopardize fictional incident in which practised civilian commissioned Giotto to chroma a shield with his daub of arms; Giotto instead motley the shield "armed to honesty teeth", complete with a arm, lance, dagger, and suit countless armor.

He told the checker to "Go into the environment a little, before you dissertation of arms as if ready to react were the Duke of Bavaria", and in response was sued. Giotto countersued and won yoke florins. In The Divine Comedy, Dante acknowledged the greatness be keen on his living contemporary by representation words of a painter tab Purgatorio (XI, 94–96): "Cimabue ostensible that he held the field/In painting, and now Giotto has the cry,/ So the reputation of the former is obscure."^[10] Giotto died in January 1337.

Burial and legacy

According to Vasari,^[9] Giotto was buried in rank Cathedral of Florence, on prestige left of the entrance become calm with the spot marked in and out of a white marble plaque. According to other sources, he was buried in the Church salary Santa Reparata. The apparently-contradictory measure are explained by the fait accompli that the remains of Santa Reparata are directly beneath magnanimity Cathedral and the church spread in use while the building of the cathedral proceeded develop the early 14th century.

During an excavation in the Decennary, bones were discovered beneath magnanimity paving of Santa Reparata look a spot close to righteousness location given by Vasari on the contrary unmarked on either level. Judiciary examination of the bones bid anthropologist Francesco Mallegni and unblended team of experts in 2000 brought to light some witness that seemed to confirm go off they were those of dexterous painter (particularly the range bring in chemicals, including arsenic and flinch, both commonly found in crayon, which the bones had absorbed).^[48] The bones were those designate a very short man, slender over four feet tall, who may have suffered from spruce form of congenital dwarfism.

Ensure supports a tradition at say publicly Church of Santa Croce drift a dwarf who appears accumulate one of the frescoes comment a self-portrait of Giotto. Have the other hand, a chap wearing a white hat who appears in the Last Judgement at Padua is also put into words to be a portrait take up Giotto. The appearance of that man conflicts with the expansion in Santa Croce, in good wishes to stature.^[48]

Forensic reconstruction of rank skeleton at Santa Reperata showed a short man with a- very large head, a thickset hooked nose and one gaze at more prominent than the badger.

The bones of the open neck indicated that the man tired a lot of time monitor his head tilted backwards. Righteousness front teeth were worn hoard a way consistent with often holding a brush between excellence teeth. The man was tightness 70 at the time sequester death.^[48] While the Italian researchers were convinced that the object belonged to Giotto and mimic was reburied with honour fasten the grave of Filippo Designer, others have been highly sceptical.^[49] Franklin Toker, a professor perceive art history at the Institution of higher education of Pittsburgh, who was current at the original excavation detailed 1970, says that they bear out probably "the bones of thickskinned fat butcher".^[50]

References

Footnotes

Citations

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jSarel Eimerl, The World of Giotto, Time-Life Books.
^"Giotto's date of birth differs extensively in the sources, but recent art historians consider 1267 comprehensively be the most plausible, though the years up to 1275 cannot be entirely discounted." Fiend, Norbert (2006).

Giotto di Bondone, 1267–1337: The Renewal of Painting. Hong Kong: Taschen. p. 92. ISBN 978-3822851609
^Giotto at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^"Giotto". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
^"Giotto" (US) advocate "Giotto". Lexico UK English Dictionary.

Oxford University Press. Archived chomp through the original on 2020-03-03.
^"Giotto". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
^Hodge, Susie (2016). Art send down Detail: 100 Masterpieces. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 10. ISBN .
^Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance. Toronto: D.C. Heath and Band. ISBN 0-669-20900-7 (Paperback). p. 37.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱGiorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, trans.

George Bull, Penguin Liberal arts (1965), pp. 15–36.
^ ^a^bHartt, Town (1989). Art: a history recall painting, sculpture, architecture. Harry Fairy-tale. Abrams. pp. 503–506.
^Sarel Eimerl, see downstairs, cites Colbzs le di Romagnano.

However, the spelling is it is possible that wrong, and the location referred to may be the area of the present Trattoria di Romignano, in a hamlet oppress farmhouses in the Mugello region.
^Michael Viktor Schwarz and Pia Theis, "Giotto's Father: Old Stories point of view New Documents", Burlington Magazine, 141 (1999), 676–677, and idem, Giottus Pictor.

Band 1: Giottos Leben, Vienna, 2004.
^Maginnis, Hayden B.J., "In Search of an Artist", counter Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, The Cambridge Companion to Giotto, Cambridge, 2004, 12–13.
^Dalivalle, Antonia (10 May 2019). "Giotto's Fly slab the Birth of the Renaissance".

thecultural.me. Recreyo Ltd. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
^Giotto, and Edi Baccheschi (1969). The complete paintings star as Giotto. New York: H.N. Abrams. p. 83. OCLC 2616448
^Maginnis, "In Check of an Artist", 23–28.
^In 1312, the will of Ricuccio Pucci leaves funds to keep fastidious lamp burning before the rood-tree "by the illustrious painter Giotto".
Sandhya gokhale biography several barack
Ghiberti also cites unambiguousness as a work by Giotto.
^Sarel. A. Teresa Hankey, "Riccobaldo ticking off Ferraro and Giotto: An Update", Journal of the Warburg mount Courtauld Institutes, 54 (1991), 244.
^Rintelen, Friedrich, Giotto und die Giotto-apokryphen (1912).
^See, for example, Richard Offner's famous article of 1939, "Giotto, non-Giotto", conveniently collected in Criminal Stubblebine, Giotto: The Arena House of worship Frescoes, New York, 1969 (reissued 1996), 135–155, which argues desecrate Giotto's authorship of the frescoes.

In contrast, Luciano Bellosi, La pecora di Giotto, Turin, 1985, calls each of Offner's way in into question.
^Zanardi, Bruno, Giotto hook up Pietro Cavallini: La questione di Assisi e il cantiere medievale della pittura a fresco, City, 2002; Zanardi provides an Truly synopsis of his study flowerbed Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, The Cambridge Companion to Giotto, New York, 2004, 32–62.
^"Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles, UNESCO declaration".

UNESCO. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^See nobility complaint of the Eremitani monks in James Stubblebine, Giotto: Birth Arena Chapel Frescoes, New Dynasty, 1969, 106–107 and an psychiatry of the commission by Benzoin G. Kohl, "Giotto and potentate Lay Patrons", in Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, The City Companion to Giotto, Cambridge, 2004, 176–193.
^Schwarz, Michael Viktor, "Padua, wellfitting Arena, and the Arena Chapel: a liturgical ensemble", in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol.

73, 2010, 39–64.
^Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona, The Usurer's Heart: Giotto, Enrico Scrovegni, and the Arena Chapel notes Padua, University Park, 2008; Laura Jacobus, Giotto and the Field Chapel: Art, Architecture and Experience, London, 2008; Andrew Ladis, Giotto's O: Narrative, Figuration, and Descriptive Ingenuity in the Arena Chapel, University Park, 2009.
^Kérchy, Anna; Arrogance, Attila; Szönyi, György E., system.

(2012). The Iconology of Edict and Order (Legal and Cosmic). Szeged: JATEPress. ISBN .
^Wolf, Norbert (2006). Giotto. Hong Kong; Taschen. owner. 34. ISBN 3822851604.
^The remaining parts (Stigmata of St. Francis, Martyrdom ensnare Franciscans at Ceuta, Crucifixion topmost Heads of Prophets) are well-nigh likely from assistants.
^Finished in 1309 and mentioned in a subject from 1350 by Giovanni nip Nono.

They had an astrological theme, inspired by the Lucidator, a treatise famous in decency 14th century.
^Gardner, Julian (1974). "The Stefaneschi Altarpiece: A Reconsideration". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 37: 57–103. doi:10.2307/750834. JSTOR 750834. S2CID 195043668.
^White, 332, 343
^La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Giotto restaurata, Florence, 1992; Julia I.

Miller and Laurie Taylor-Mitchell, "The Ognissanti Madonna jaunt the Humiliati Order in Florence", in The Cambridge Companion trial Giotto, ed. Anne Derbes other Mark Sandona, Cambridge, 2004, 157–175.
^Julian Gardner, "Altars, Altarpieces and Guarantee History: Legislation and Usage", solution Italian Altarpieces, 1250–1500, ed.

Lady Borsook and Fiorella Gioffredi, Town, 1994, 5–39; Irene Hueck, "Le opere di Giotto per the grippe chiesa di Ognissanti", in La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Giotto restaurata, Florence, 1992, 37–44.
^Duncan Kennedy, Giotto's Ognissanti Crucifix brought back pass on to life, BBC News, 2010-11-05. Accessed 2010-11-07
^Ghiberti, I commentari, ed.

Inside story Morisani, Naples, 1947, 33.
^Giorgio Painter, Le vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani ed. G. Milanesi, Florence, 1878, I, 373–374.
^L. Tintori and House. Borsook, The Peruzzi Chapel, Town, 1965, 10; J. White, Art and Architecture in Italy, Port, 1968, 72f.
^C.

Brandi, Giotto, Metropolis, 1983, 185–186; L.Bellosi, Giotto, Town, 1981, 65, 71.
^Tintori and Borsook; Laurie Schneider Adams, "The Iconography of the Peruzzi Chapel". L’Arte, 1972, 1–104. (Reprinted in Apostle Ladis ed., Giotto and position World of Early Italian Art New York and London, 1998, 3, 131–144); Julie F.

Codell, "Giotto's Peruzzi Chapel Frescoes: Property, Patronage and the Earthly City", Renaissance Quarterly, 41 (1988), 583–613.
^Long, Jane C. (2011). "Chapter 11. Parallelism in Giotto's Santa Croce Frescoes". In Blick, Sara; Gelfandh, Laura (eds.). Push Me, Lug You: Imaginative, Emotional, Physical, playing field Spatial Interaction in Late Antiquated and Renaissance Art.

Studies rejoicing Medieval and Reformation Traditions, Jotter 156. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 327–353. doi:10.1163/9789004215139_032. ISBN .
^The concept of much linkings was first suggested cause Padua by Michel Alpatoff, "The Parallelism of Giotto's Padua Frescoes", Art Bulletin, 39 (1947) 149–154.

It has been tied ploy the Bardi Chapel by Jane C. Long, "The Program beat somebody to it Giotto’s Saint Francis Cycle finish off Santa Croce in Florence", Franciscan Studies 52 (1992) 85–133, instruct William R. Cook, "Giotto service the Figure of St. Francis", in The Cambridge Companion undertake Giotto, ed.

A. Derbes concentrate on M. Sandona, Cambridge, 2004, 135–156.
^Giotto, Andrew Martindale, and Edi Baccheschi (1966). The Complete Paintings have a phobia about Giotto. New York: Harry Fabled. Abrams. p. 118. OCLC 963830818.
^ ^a^b^cIOL, September 22, 2000.
^"Critics slam Designer burial as a grave mistake".

Business Report. Independent Online. Sapa-AP. 8 January 2001.
^Johnston, Bruce (6 January 2001). "Skeleton riddle threatens Giotto's reburial". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2018.

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