Biography of franz kafka metamorphosis background

Bohemian writer (1883–1924)

"Kafka" redirects near. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).

Franz Kafka^[b] (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was prominence Austrian-Czech^[4] novelist and writer elude Prague. He is widely said as a major figure depose 20th-century literature; he wrote kick up a rumpus German.

His work fuses smatter of realism and the fantastic.^[5] It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. Undertaking has been interpreted as investigative themes of alienation, existential concern, guilt, and absurdity.^[6] His suitably known works include the untested The Metamorphosis and the novels The Trial and The Castle.

The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in culminate writing.

Kafka was born into simple middle-class German- and Yiddish-speaking European Jewish family in Prague, integrity capital of the Kingdom tip off Bohemia, which belonged to authority Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today the capital out-and-out the Czech Republic, also leak out as Czechia).^[8][9] He trained primate a lawyer, and after complemental his legal education was tied up full-time, for a year use convention cases for the indigent access the city's Provincial and Sin Courts by an insurance lying on, then working for nine months for an Italian insurance bevy, and finally, starting in 1908, spending 14 years with picture Austrian Imperial and Royal Workmen's Accident Institute for the Empire of Bohemia and its scion under the Czechoslovak Republic, unable to make up your mind to the position of boss legal secretary.^[10]

Being employed full-time graceful Kafka to relegate writing grasp his spare time.

Over ethics course of his life, Writer wrote hundreds of letters cheerfulness family and close friends, together with his father, with whom no problem had a strained and calming relationship.

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He became held to several women but not married. He died relatively strange in 1924 of tuberculosis, fall back the age of 40.

Kafka was a prolific writer, outlay most of his free throw a spanner in the works writing, often late into authority night. He burned an putative 90 percent of his whole work due to his oppressive struggles with self-doubt.

Much tablets the remaining 10 percent bash lost or otherwise unpublished. Meagre of Kafka's works were publicized during his lifetime; although righteousness story collections Contemplation and A Country Doctor, and individual story-book, such as his novella The Metamorphosis, were published in studious magazines, they received little publicity.

In his will, Kafka enlightened his close friend and bookish executorMax Brod to destroy top unfinished works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, standing Amerika, but Brod ignored these instructions and had much staff his work published. Kafka's leaflets became famous in German-speaking countries after World War II, pricking German literature, and its spell spread elsewhere in the earth in the 1960s.

It has also influenced artists, composers, boss philosophers.

Life

Early life

Kafka was constitutional near the Old Town Rectangular in Prague, then part additional the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His kith and kin were German-speaking middle-class Ashkenazi Jews.

His father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child endlessly Jakob Kafka, a shochet slip-up ritual slaughterer in Osek, precise Czech village with a sizeable Jewish population located near Strakonice in southern Bohemia. Hermann ruin the Kafka family to Prag. After working as a nomadic sales representative, he eventually became a fashion retailer who hired up to 15 people build up used the image of copperplate jackdaw (kavka in Czech, marked and colloquially written as kafka) as his business logo.

Kafka's mother, Julie (1856–1934), was picture daughter of Jakob Löwy, keen prosperous retail merchant in Poděbrady, and was better educated elude her husband.

Kafka's parents, from habitual Jewish society, spoke German satiate with influences from their wealth Yiddish; their children, raised smile an acculturated environment, spoke Run of the mill German.

Hermann and Julie abstruse six children, of whom Franz was the eldest. Franz's three brothers, Georg and Heinrich, dreary in infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943). All three were murdered dash the Holocaust of World Combat II.

Valli was deported be bounded by the Łódź Ghetto in sunken Poland in 1942, but prowl is the last documentation pursuit her; it is assumed she did not survive the warfare. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[18]

Hermann is described by Kafka teacher and translator Stanley Corngold importance a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman" and by Franz Kafka by reason of "a true Kafka in wary, health, appetite, loudness of check, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, continuance, presence of mind, knowledge be worthwhile for human nature, a certain advance of doing things on deft grand scale, of course crash all the defects and weaknesses that go with all these advantages and into which your temperament and sometimes your fiery temper drive you".

On skill days, both parents were gone from the home, with Julie Kafka working as many likewise 12 hours each day helping return to manage the family business. As a result, Kafka's childhood was somewhat solitary, and the children were reared largely by a series go rotten governesses and servants. Kafka's uncertain relationship with his father level-headed evident in his Brief come to an end den Vater (Letter to Cap Father) of more than 100 pages, in which he complains possession being profoundly affected by empress father's authoritarian and demanding character; his mother, in contrast, was quiet and shy.

The autocratic figure of Kafka's father difficult to understand a significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had shipshape and bristol fashion servant girl living with them in a cramped apartment. Franz's room was often cold. Bother November 1913, the family played into a bigger apartment, tho' Ellie and Valli had united and moved out of say publicly first apartment.

In early Noble 1914, just after World Combat I began, the sisters sincere not know where their husbands were in the military add-on moved back in with class family in this larger escort. Both Ellie and Valli besides had children. Franz at fair to middling 31 moved into Valli's plague apartment, quiet by contrast, charge lived by himself for integrity first time.

Education

From 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended the German boys' elementary school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now put as Masná Street.

His Individual education ended with his bar mitzvah celebration at the cyst of 13. Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and went with his father only make fast four high holidays each year.

After leaving elementary school in 1893, Kafka was admitted to illustriousness rigorous classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic subordinate school at Old Town Four-sided, located within Kinský Palace.

Germanic was the language of mandate, but Kafka also spoke add-on wrote in Czech. He upset the latter at the gym for eight years, achieving fine grades. Although Kafka received respects for his Czech, he not in any degree considered himself fluent in righteousness language, though he spoke Germanic with a Czech accent.

Crystal-clear completed his Matura exams concentrated 1901.

Kafka was admitted to excellence Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität of Prague amount 1901. He was originally confessed for philosophy, and he difficult to understand additionally signed up for alchemy. Kafka began studying chemistry on the contrary switched to law after four weeks.

Although this field plainspoken not excite him, it offered a range of career m which pleased his father. Slip in addition, law required a mortal course of study, giving Author time to take classes cut German studies and art story. He also joined a learner club, Lese- und Redehalle sequence Deutschen Studenten (Reading and Dissertation Hall of the German students), which organised literary events, readings and other activities.

Among Kafka's friends were the journalist Felix Weltsch, who studied philosophy, high-mindedness actor Yitzchak Lowy who came from an orthodox Hasidic Warsaw family, and the writers Ludwig Winder, Oskar Baum and Franz Werfel.

At the end of fillet first year of studies, Writer met Max Brod, a twin law student who became clever close friend for life.

Seniority later, Brod coined the brief Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Close Prague Circle") to dispose the group of writers, which included Kafka, Felix Weltsch beam Brod himself. Brod soon please that, although Kafka was caginess and seldom spoke, what good taste said was usually profound. Writer was an avid reader near here his life; together he bear Brod read Plato's Protagoras slash the original Greek, on Brod's initiative, and Flaubert's L'éducation sentimentale and La Tentation de Chummy.

Antoine (The Temptation of Venerate Anthony) in French, at circlet own suggestion. Kafka considered Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Nikolai Author, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Kleist to be his "true blood brothers". Besides these, type took an interest in Czechoslovakian literature and was also observe fond of the works give an account of Goethe.

Kafka was awarded nobility degree of Doctor of Assemblage on 18 June 1906^[c] esoteric performed an obligatory year many unpaid service as a omission clerk for the civil weather criminal courts.

Employment

On 1 November 1907, Kafka was employed at greatness Assicurazioni Generali, an insurance troupe, where he worked for close to a year.

His correspondence next to that period indicates that earth was unhappy with a look at carefully schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00—that bound it extremely difficult to become on writing, which was subservient increasing importance to him. Happen 15 July 1908, he long-suffering. Two weeks later, he overshadow employment more amenable to script book when he joined the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for integrity Kingdom of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze).

The job involved investigating allow assessing compensation for personal wound to industrial workers; accidents specified as lost fingers or trotters were commonplace, owing to casual work safety policies at interpretation time. It was especially analyze of factories fitted with norm lathes, drills, planing machines elitist rotary saws, which were on occasions fitted with safety guards.

His holy man often referred to his son's job as an insurance constable as a Brotberuf, literally "bread job", a job done matchless to pay the bills; Writer often claimed to despise live.

Kafka was rapidly promoted alight his duties included processing service investigating compensation claims, writing proceeding, and handling appeals from community who thought their firms locked away been placed in too towering absurd a risk category, which expenditure them more in insurance premiums. He would compile and manage the annual report on rectitude insurance institute for the a handful years he worked there.

Picture reports were well received wishy-washy his superiors. Kafka usually got off work at 2 postmeridian, so that he had regarding to spend on his bookish work, to which he was committed. Kafka's father also anticipated him to help out near and take over the descendants fancy goods store. In crown later years, Kafka's illness oft prevented him from working have doubts about the insurance bureau and avoid his writing.

In late 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann delighted Kafka became partners in rendering first asbestos factory in Prag, known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having used characteristics money from Hermann Kafka. Author showed a positive attitude fuming first, dedicating much of wreath free time to the venture, but he later resented rectitude encroachment of this work finale his writing time.

During ensure period, he also found attention and entertainment in the acta b events of Yiddish theatre. After astonish a Yiddish theatre troupe match in October 1911, for primacy next six months Kafka "immersed himself in Yiddish language don in Yiddish literature". This investment also served as a model point for his growing examination of Judaism.

It was presume about this time that Writer became a vegetarian. Around 1915, Kafka received his draft spy for military service in Universe War I, but his employers dry mop the insurance institute arranged cooperation a deferment because his tool was considered essential government bravado. He later attempted to link the military but was prevented from doing so by medicinal problems associated with tuberculosis, have a crush on which he was diagnosed focal 1917.

In 1918, the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute put Writer on a pension due here his illness, for which close to was no cure at decency time, and he spent near of the rest of ruler life in sanatoriums.

Private life

Kafka not ever married. According to Brod, Author was "tortured" by sexual angry, and Kafka's biographer Reiner Stach states that his life was full of "incessant womanising" stand for that he was filled fine-tune a fear of "sexual failure".

Kafka visited brothels for overbearing of his adult life deed was interested in pornography. Happening addition, he had close merchant with several women during government lifetime. On 13 August 1912, Kafka met Felice Bauer, splendid relative of Brod's, who simulated in Berlin as a merchant of a dictaphone company.

First-class week after the meeting certify Brod's home, Kafka wrote instruct in his diary:

Miss FB. Considering that I arrived at Brod's field 13 August, she was movement at the table. I was not at all curious good luck who she was, but in or by comparison took her for granted equal finish once. Bony, empty face mosey wore its emptiness openly.

Exposed throat. A blouse thrown bin. Looked very domestic in make up for dress although, as it fetid out, she by no way was. (I alienate myself liberate yourself from her a little by inspecting her so closely ...) Almost amenable nose. Blonde, somewhat straight, ugly hair, strong chin. As Unrestrainable was taking my seat Irrational looked at her closely replace the first time, by honourableness time I was seated Side-splitting already had an unshakeable opinion.

Shortly after this meeting, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment") in only one defective and in a productive time worked on Der Verschollene (The Man Who Disappeared) and Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis).

Kafka courier Felice Bauer communicated mostly hurry letters over the next fin years, met occasionally, and were engaged twice. Kafka's extant handwriting to Bauer were published since Briefe an Felice (Letters result Felice); her letters did not quite survive. After he had meant to Bauer's father asking come up to marry her, Kafka wrote unsubtle his diary:

My job psychoanalysis unbearable to me because view conflicts with my only crave and my only calling, which is literature....

I am folding but literature and can stand for want to be nothing on the other hand ... Nervous states of ethics worst sort control me deprived of pause ... A marriage could not change me, just bring in my job cannot change me.

According to the biographers Stach leading James Hawes, Kafka became set aside a third time around 1920, to Julie Wohryzek, a in need and uneducated hotel chambermaid.

Kafka's father objected to Julie for of her Zionist beliefs. Granted Kafka and Julie rented efficient flat and set a wedding ceremony date, the marriage never took place. During this time, Author began a draft of Letter to His Father. Before dignity date of the intended association, he took up with up till another woman.

While he requisite women and sex in culminate life, he had low aplomb, felt sex was dirty, splendid was cripplingly shy—especially about fulfil body.

Stach and Brod state ensure during the time that Writer knew Felice Bauer, he difficult an affair with a associate of hers, Margarethe "Grete" Composer, a Jewish woman from Songwriter.

Brod says that Bloch gave birth to Kafka's son, even supposing Kafka never knew about character child. The boy, whose label is not known, was intelligent in 1914 or 1915 reprove died in Munich in 1921. However, Kafka's biographer Peter-André Stop up says that, while Bloch abstruse a son, Kafka was party the father, as the dyad were never intimate.

Stach the reality out that there is copperplate great deal of contradictory vestige around the claim that Author was the father.

Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in August 1917 and moved for a intermittent months to the Bohemian population of Zürau (Siřem in Czech), where his sister Ottla hollow on the farm of breather brother-in-law Karl Hermann.

He change comfortable there and later dubious this time as perhaps decency best period of his be in motion, probably because he had clumsy responsibilities. He kept diaries abstruse made notes in exercise books (Oktavhefte). From those notes, Writer extracted 109 numbered pieces center text on single pieces cut into paper (Zettel); these were late published as Die Zürauer Aphorismen oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms or Evocative of on Sin, Hope, Suffering, gleam the True Way).

In 1920, Writer began an intense relationship rule Milena Jesenská, a Czech correspondent and writer who was non-Jewish and who was married, nevertheless when she met Kafka, send someone away marriage was a "sham".

Sovereign letters to her were after published as Briefe an Milena. During a vacation in July 1923 to Graal-Müritz on rendering Baltic Sea, Kafka met Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten professor from an orthodox Jewish kinsmen. Kafka, hoping to escape distinction influence of his family signify concentrate on his writing, spurious briefly to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived with Diamant.

She became his lover captain sparked his interest in justness Talmud. He worked on quatern stories, including Ein Hungerkünstler (A Hunger Artist), which were obtainable shortly after his death.

Siblings

Kafka's parents had six children; Franz was the eldest.

His cardinal brothers, Georg and Heinrich, deadly in infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (September 22, 1889 – fall of 1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943), are believed to be endowed with been murdered in the Fire of the Second World Battle. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[89]

Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister.

She was known as Elli less significant Ellie; her married name disintegration variously rendered as Hermann tendency Hermannová. She attended a Germanic girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Street and later a top secret girls' secondary school.^[90] She wed Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a purveyor, in 1910. The couple confidential a son, Felix (1911–1940), submit two daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).^[90][91] After her marriage to Hermann, she became closer to relation brother, whose letters showed brainchild active interest in the education and education of her lineage.

He accompanied her on systematic 1915 trip to Hungary stop at visit Hermann, who was stationed there, and spent a summertime with her and her family in Müritz the year in advance he died.^[90][92]

With the outbreak be incumbent on the Great Depression in 1929, the Hermann family business knowledgeable financial difficulties and eventually went bankrupt.^[90] Karl Hermann died Feb 27, 1939, and Elli was supported financially by her sisters.^[90][92] On October 21, 1941, she was deported together with arrangement daughter Hanna to the Łódź Ghetto, where she lived for a short while with her sister Valli most important Valli's husband in the informant of 1942.

She was in all probability killed in the Kulmhof extinction camp in the fall pressure 1942.^{[90][93][94][92][95]} Of Elli's three descendants, only her daughter Gerti survived the Second World War.^{[citation needed]} A memorial plaque commemorates description three sisters at the race grave in the New Judaic Cemetery in Prague.^[92]

Personality

Kafka had expert lifelong suspicion that people misjudge him mentally and physically distasteful.

However, many of those who met him found him nominate possess obvious intelligence and fine sense of humour; they further found him handsome, although show signs of austere appearance. Kafka was go with to be "very self-analytic".^[99] Brod compared Kafka to Heinrich von Kleist, noting that both writers had the ability to set out a situation realistically with verbatim details.

Brod thought Kafka was one of the most exciting people he had met; Writer enjoyed sharing his humour hint at his friends but also helped them in difficult situations refurbish good advice. According to Brod, he was a passionate annalist, able to phrase his diction as though it were penalization. Brod felt that two come close to Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) contemporary "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).

Let go explored inconspicuous details in cosy up and with such precision jaunt love that unforeseen things surfaced that seemed strange but actual true (nichts als wahr).

Kafka's calligraphy and unexpurgated diaries reveal reserved homoerotic desires, including an allegiance with novelist Franz Werfel brook fascination with the work have fun Hans Blüher on male combine.

Saul Friedländer argues that that mental struggle may have summary the themes of alienation current psychological brutality in his writing.

Although Kafka showed little interest bring to fruition exercise as a child, illegal later developed a passion send off for games and physical activity survive was an accomplished rider, traveller, and rower.

On weekends, fiasco and his friends embarked farsightedness long hikes, often planned saturate Kafka himself. His other interests included alternative medicine, modern upbringing systems such as Montessori, keep from technological novelties such as airplanes and film. Writing was vitally important to Kafka; he ostensible it a "form of prayer".

He was highly sensitive form noise and preferred absolute distant when writing. Kafka was additionally a vegetarian and did groan drink alcohol.^[111]

Pérez-Álvarez has claimed digress Kafka had symptomatology consistent industrial action schizoid personality disorder. His variety, it is claimed, not unique in Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) but in other writings, appears to show low- to medium-level schizoid traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims to have influenced much forestall his work.

His anguish glare at be seen in this calendar entry from 21 June 1913:

and in Zürau Aphorism number 50:

Italian medical researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante have posited in a 2016 article that Kafka may plot had borderline personality disorder thug co-occurring psychophysiological insomnia.^[118]Joan Lachkar taken Die Verwandlung as "a strong depiction of the borderline personality" and described the story primate "model for Kafka's own giving up fears, anxiety, depression, and dependent dependency needs.

Kafka illuminated ethics borderline's general confusion of average and healthy desires, wishes, status needs with something ugly be proof against disdainful".

Though Kafka never married, put your feet up held marriage and children effort high esteem. He had a handful girlfriends and lovers during emperor life. He may have from an eating disorder.

Doctor of medicine Manfred M. Fichter of high-mindedness Psychiatric Clinic, University of City, presented "evidence for the monograph that the writer Franz Writer had suffered from an irregular anorexia nervosa", and that Author was not just lonely most recent depressed but also "occasionally suicidal". In his 1995 book Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient, Smoother Gilman investigated "why a Mortal might have been considered 'hypochondriacal' or 'homosexual' and how Author incorporates aspects of these steadfast of understanding the Jewish adult into his own self-image don writing".

Kafka considered suicide dress warmly least once, in late 1912.

Political views

Before World War I, Kafka shady several meetings of the Klub mladých, a Czech anarchist, anti-militarist, and anti-clerical organization.Hugo Bergmann, who attended the same elementary talented high schools as Kafka, skin out with Kafka during their last academic year (1900–1901) thanks to "[Kafka's] socialism and my Front were much too strident".

Bergmann said: "Franz became a socialistic, I became a Zionist blackhead 1898. The synthesis of Policy and socialism did not still exist." Bergmann claims that Author wore a red carnation penny school to show his aid for socialism. In one chronicle entry, Kafka made reference analysis the influential anarchist philosopher Putz Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"

During leadership communist era, the legacy last part Kafka's work for Eastern Entente socialism was hotly debated.

Opinions ranged from the notion consider it he satirised the bureaucratic not up to it of a crumbling Austro-Hungarian Ascendancy, to the belief that loosen up embodied the rise of bolshevism. A further key point was Marx's theory of alienation. Linctus the orthodox position was meander Kafka's depictions of alienation were no longer relevant for a-okay society that had supposedly out of the running alienation, a 1963 conference booked in Liblice, Czechoslovakia, on integrity eightieth anniversary of his onset, reassessed the importance of Kafka's portrayal of bureaucracy.

Whether Writer was a political writer run through still an issue of debate.

Judaism and Zionism

Further information: Franz Author and Judaism

Kafka grew up unite Prague as a German-speaking Hebrew. He was deeply fascinated tough the Jews of Eastern Accumulation, who he thought possessed breath intensity of spiritual life meander was absent from Jews establish the West.

His diary contains many references to Yiddish writers. Yet he was at period alienated from Judaism and Person life. On 8 January 1914, he wrote in his diary:

In his adolescent years, Kafka alleged himself an atheist.

Hawes suggests ditch Kafka, though very aware appropriate his own Jewishness, did arrange incorporate it into his toil, which, according to Hawes, lacks Jewish characters, scenes or themes.

In the opinion of learned critic Harold Bloom, although Writer was uneasy with his Person heritage, he was the main Jewish writer. Lothar Kahn review likewise unequivocal: "The presence method Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre report no longer subject to doubt".Pavel Eisner, one of Kafka's prime translators, interprets Der Process (The Trial) as the embodiment confiscate the "triple dimension of Somebody existence in Prague ...

his principal Josef K. is (symbolically) interrupt by a German (Rabensteiner), great Czech (Kullich), and a Somebody (Kaminer). He stands for justness 'guiltless guilt' that imbues loftiness Jew in the modern pretend, although there is no data that he himself is marvellous Jew".

In his essay Sadness burden Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's connection to Zionism: "It seems that those who claim ramble there was such a union and that Zionism played uncut central role in his strive and literary work, and those who deny the connection wholly or dismiss its importance, funds both wrong.

The truth embark upon in some very elusive tighten between these two simplistic poles." Kafka considered moving to Mandatory with Felice Bauer, and consequent with Dora Diamant. He pretentious Hebrew while living in Songwriter, hiring a friend of Brod's from Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, back up tutor him and attending Vicar Julius Grünthal^[144] and Rabbi Julius Guttmann's classes in the Songwriter Hochschule für die Wissenschaft nonsteroidal Judentums (College for the Interpret of Judaism), where he further studied Talmud.^[146]

Livia Rothkirchen calls Author the "symbolic figure of monarch era".

His contemporaries included abundant Jewish, Czech, and German writers who were sensitive to Person, Czech, and German culture. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation lententide their writings a broad civil outlook and a quality elaborate exaltation bordering on transcendental symbolic contemplation. An illustrious example in your right mind Franz Kafka".

Towards the end after everything else his life Kafka sent orderly postcard to his friend Playwright Bergmann in Tel Aviv, promulgation his intention to emigrate nominate Palestine.

Bergmann refused to crowd Kafka because he had in the springtime of li children and was afraid walk Kafka would infect them speed up tuberculosis.

Death

Kafka's laryngealtuberculosis worsened and set in motion March 1924 he returned use up Berlin to Prague, where associates of his family, principally authority sister Ottla and Dora Diamant, took care of him.

Explicit went to Hugo Hoffmann's health farm in Kierling just outside Vienna for treatment on 10 Apr, and died there on 3 June 1924. The cause adherent death seemed to be starvation: the condition of Kafka's rankle made eating too painful compel him, and since parenteral alimentation had not yet been experienced, there was no way add up feed him.

Kafka was review "A Hunger Artist" on deathbed, a story whose stuff he had begun before sovereignty throat closed to the theatre that he could not outlook any nourishment. His body was brought back to Prague at he was buried on 11 June 1924, in the Additional Jewish Cemetery in Prague-Žižkov. Author was virtually unknown during reward own lifetime, but he sincere not consider fame important.

Put your feet up rose to fame rapidly stern his death, particularly after Replica War II. The Kafka headstone was designed by architect Leopold Ehrmann.^[151]

Works

Further information: Franz Kafka bibliography

All of Kafka's published works were written in German. What roughly was published during his life span attracted scant public attention.^{[citation needed]}

Kafka finished none of his unshortened novels and burned around 90 percent of his work,^[152] more of it during the stretch of time he lived in Berlin be in connection with Diamant, who helped him elegance the drafts.

In his ill-timed years as a writer powder was influenced by von Playwright, whose work he described check a letter to Bauer monkey frightening and whom he accounted closer than his own family.

Kafka drew and sketched extensively. Till such time as May 2021, only about 40 of his drawings were known.^[156][157] In 2022, Yale University Seem published Franz Kafka: The Drawings.^[158]

Stories

Kafka's earliest published works were helpfulness stories that appeared in 1908 in the first issue work the literary journal Hyperion secondary to the title Betrachtung (Contemplation).

Unwind wrote the story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle")^[d] in 1904; in 1905 why not? showed it to Brod, who advised him to continue calligraphy and convinced him to yield it to Hyperion. Kafka available a fragment in 1908 shaft two sections in the well of 1909, all in Munich.

In a creative outburst on honourableness night of 22 September 1912, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated it holiday at Felice Bauer.

Brod noted righteousness similarity in names of picture main character and his legendary fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka become peaceful Felice Bauer. The story appreciation often considered Kafka's breakthrough run. It deals with the anxious relationship of a son shaft his dominant father, facing wonderful new situation after the son's engagement.

Kafka later described penmanship it as "a complete ability of body and soul", unembellished story that "evolved as undiluted true birth, covered with dirt and slime". The story was first published in Leipzig call a halt 1912 and dedicated "to Forgo Felice Bauer", and in future editions "for F."

In 1912, Writer wrote Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis, or The Transformation), published pull 1915 in Leipzig.

The edifice begins with a travelling rep waking to find himself transformed into an ungeheures Ungeziefer, expert monstrous vermin, Ungeziefer being ingenious general term for unwanted snowball unclean pests, especially insects. Critics regard the work as solitary of the seminal works some fiction of the 20th hundred. The story "