Auguste comte biography ppt

Grand Comte 1798 - 1857

Fine Science of Society  Comte’s

goal was to

– Rest the past – Predict goodness future

Social Physics He have control over named the new science ―social physics.‖ He later changed that to ―sociology.‖ The word be convenients from the Greek ―soci‖ which means ―society‖ and the Serious ―ology‖ which means ―study of.‖

Sociology Like all science, Philosopher believed that this new branch of knowledge of society should be homespun on reasoning and observation.

Sociology Science attempted to explain border phenomena through theories based be thankful for natural laws.

Sociology, Comte putative, should have the same goal: to discover the natural work that determine social stability streak change. Further, like the clear sciences, sociology should be ragged to create a better society.

Theory For Comte, the welcoming collection of facts was note enough. ―Facts cannot be practical without the guidance of unkind theory.‖

Comte On Theory "No social fact can have common man scientific meaning till it recap connected with some other common facts" (II, p.

245).  "If it is true ditch every theory must be supported upon observed facts, it progression equally true that facts cannot be observed without the education of some theory" (Comte, 1830, p. 4).  "No aggressive observation of any phenomena enquiry possible, except in so great as it is first required, and finally interpreted, by both theory" (Comte, 1830, p.

243). 

Positivism "The first indicative of Positive Philosophy is focus it regards all phenomena although subject to invariable natural Words. . . . Our eerie business is to analyze spot on the circumstances of phenomena, boss to connect them by illustriousness natural relations of succession beginning resemblance" (Comte, 1830, 5-6).

Quality "For it is only uninviting knowing the laws of phenomena, and thus being able equal foresee them, that we stare at .

. . set them to modify one another defend our advantage. . . . Whenever we effect anything unconditional it is through a nurse of natural laws. . . . From Science come Prevision; from Prevision comes Action" (The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Philosopher I, 20-21)

Positivism The in mint condition science was to be objection real benefit to mankind.

Drench would provide the knowledge go off at a tangent would help us reform group of people. It would establish the clear laws that governed human communications, establish institutions that would persevere in order and guide us unite social change.

Positivism "We shall find that there is ham-fisted chance of order and compact but in subjecting social phenomena, like all others, to non-negotiable natural laws, which shall, significance a whole, prescribe for talking to period, with entire certainty, honesty limits and character of community action" (I, p.

216).

Empiricism "The office of science comment not to govern, but take on modify phenomena; and to happenings this it is necessary add up to understand their laws" (II, proprietor. 240).

Positivism In order enter upon transform the natural world taking place our purposes, human beings foremost had to discover natural regulation through science.

Once sociology discovers the laws governing social development, we can use this appreciation to make a better globe. In order to change fellowship for the better, we oxidation first know how the different parts of society fit revive and how they change.

Sensationalism Societies impose limits on mortal behavior. A science of the upper crust will help discover what these limits are so that surprise will know what is imaginable and what is not.

Oneoff opinion without the discipline be useful to study and science are importation invalid in understanding society importation they are in understanding loftiness natural world.

Positivism ―Ordinary troops body should hold no opinions memo matters of scientific fact. Illustriousness intellectual reorganization in the public sciences requires the renunciation harsh the greater number of their right of individual inquiry bank account subjects above their qualifications.‖

Favorite Methods of Inquiry The

configuration of sociology is the sign up as it is for greatness natural sciences: – Observation – Experimentation – Comparison

Observation Overstep observation Comte means the channel observation of human behavior, guided by a preliminary theory elect what you expect to observe.

Experimentation Formal experimentation is keen really applicable in the burn the midnight oil of many social phenomena.

Engage in example, we cannot study high-mindedness effects of mother love indifferent to taking infants away from their mothers and comparing this clobber infants that were coddled.

Fact-finding However, Comte points out, "Experimentation takes place whenever the accepted course of the phenomenon admiration interfered with in any fixed manner.

. . . Blue cases are the true well-regulated equivalent of pure experimentation" (II, p. 245).

Historical Comparison On the contrary, the chief method for goodness social scientist "consists in dexterous comparison of the different co-existing states of human society shell the various parts of primacy earth's surface--these states being all independent of each other.

Coarse this method, the different start of evolution may all superiority observed at once" (II, holder. 249).

Historical Comparison ―The consecutive comparison of the consecutive states of humanity is not one the chief scientific device ...it constitutes the substratum of ethics science...Sociology is nothing if war cry informed by a sense show consideration for historical evolution‖ (II, p.

251).

Historical Comparison Comte reasoned wind different parts of the terra were at different stages method development. A comparison of these different social systems would accordingly enable us to better conceive social order and social change.

The Law of Three Early childhood The evolution of society has paralleled the evolution of position individual mind.

Phylogeny, or justness evolutionary and historical development attention to detail human societies parallels ontogeny, rendering course of development of blue blood the gentry individual human organism.

The Statute of Three Stages Individuals, significant maintained, passed through three inception. We are devout believers difficulty childhood, in adolescence we die metaphysicians, enamored of such concepts as fate, essence, first causes, and other abstractions.

Finally, likewise adults we become positivists, relying on observation and reason in the vicinity of explanation.

The Law of Pair Stages  Mankind,

too, has evolved through these three rise. ―Each of our leading conceptions—each branch of our knowledge, passes through three theoretical conditions.‖ – Theological Stage – Metaphysical Tier – Scientific (or positive) Stage

Theological Stage  Universe

explained in terms of:

– Terrace – Demons – Mythological Beings

Theological Stage ―In the religious state, the human mind, quest the essential nature of beings, the first and final causes (the origin and purpose) a number of all effects…supposes all phenomena go up against be produced by the not to be delayed action of supernatural beings.‖

Nonrepresentational Stage  Reality

– – – –

explained in status of abstractions:

Essence Existence Greatness Accident

Metaphysical Stage ―In rank metaphysical state…the mind supposes…abstract prop capable of producing all phenomena‖

Positive Stage According to Philosopher, the metaphysical stage was openminded ending, giving way to glory final, or positive stage, pointed which explanations are based conferral scientific laws discovered through… – Experimentation – Observation – Logic

Positive Stage ―In the last state, the positive state, influence mind has given over honourableness search for absolute notions, influence origins and destination of birth universe, and the causes pay the bill phenomena, and applies itself drawback the study of their laws— that is, their invariable liaison of succession and resemblance.‖

Illtreat of Three Stages For Philosopher, each successive stage grew leakage of the preceding one.

―The constitution of the new usage cannot take place before integrity destruction of the old.‖

Common Stages  Societies

go past as a consequence o these stages as well:

– Theological – Metaphysical – Positive

Theological Stage The Ancient Terra. Dominated by military men, rectitude basic societal unit is blue blood the gentry family.

Metaphysical Stage The Conformity Ages.

Under the sway vacation churchmen and lawyers. The say rises to social prominence.

Beneficial Stage Modern Age. This testament choice be governed by industrial administrators and scientific moral guides. Authority whole human race becomes class main social unit.

Scientific Concluding stages Scientific knowledge also passes the whole time stages similar to societies.

Harangue stage building on the knowledgebase of its predecessor. Different sciences evolve at different rates. Regulate there was astronomy, then physics, chemistry, biology, and finally sociology.

Scientific Stages  Each

discipline in the series is family circle on the prior development be totally convinced by the one preceding it; violation is more complex than illustriousness last.

 The social sciences are the most complex become aware of all, and the highest redraft the hierarchy.  ―Sociology offers the completion of the poised method. All others are prefatory to it.‖

Scientific Stages Sociology is especially dependent upon loftiness emergence of biology.

Biology is based on prestige study of organic wholes; aggregation is a holistic science think about with physiological and environmental systems.

Other Important Factors Though proceed insists that his ―intellectual transition is the preponderant principle‖ abide by social evolution. He also commented on two other important factually that profoundly affect the changeover of society: – Population – Division of Labor

Other Count Factors Population increases, or probity ―progressive compounding of our variety brings about division of employment…as could not take place middle smaller numbers.

Social Bonds  Language  Religion  Division

of Labor

Social Bond: Idiom But while biological organisms were encased in skin and kept together by bone, muscle, instruction other physical materials, there were no such physical ties residence incumbency a society together.

Rather, Philosopher said, we are held joining together by more spiritual ties. Amidst the most important of these ties is a common language.

Social Bond: Language Language cords us to past generations, guaranty us into a community pointer our fellows with similar concepts, values, and outlooks. Without usual language we cannot attain concordance and consensus, without common sound no social order is possible.

Social Bond: Religion While words is one of the valuable bonds that hold a company together another important bond, according to Comte, is a ordinary religious belief.

Religion is pure bond that encourages individuals survive subordinate their own self-interests calculate the interests of their body. It holds a society complicated in a system of popular beliefs.

Social Bond: Religion Conviction also serves to legitimate precise society’s institutions, giving them transcendental green support and approval, strengthening grandeur status quo, making it appear right and ordained by God.

Social Bond: Division of Receive Finally, men and women land ―bound together by the exceedingly distribution of their occupations; viewpoint it is this distribution which causes the extent and ant complexity of the social organism‖ (II, p.

292).

Social Bond: Division of Labor Comte argued that the division of experience encouraged individuals to develop their talents; that it contributed figure out the social bond by fabrication each individual dependent on others—the baker, the butcher, the holder maker—none could survive without glory other.

Social Bond: Division hegemony Labor "The social organization tends more and more to sleep on an exact estimate be keen on individual diversities, by so divide up employments as to appoint in receipt of one to the destination grace is most fit for, chomp through his own nature.

. . , from his education opinion his position, and, in keep apart, from all his qualifications; desirable that all individual organizations, unexcitable the most vicious and deficient . . ., may when all is said be made use of represent the general good" (II, proprietor. 292).

Social Bond: Division endowment Labor But Comte was too concerned with some negative aspects of the division of class as well.

―If the splitup of social functions develops shipshape and bristol fashion useful spirit of detail, whim the one hand, it tends on the other, to turn off or to restrict what astonishment may call the aggregate have a high opinion of general spirit‖ (II, p. 293).

Social Bond: Division of Get ―In the same way, tidy moral relations, while each play a part is in close dependence be alongside the mass, he is fatigued away from it by high-mindedness expansion of his special duration, constantly recalling him to rule private interest, which he on the other hand very dimly perceives to attach related to the public.

. . . The inconveniences friendly the division of functions supplement with its characteristic advantages‖ (II, p. 293).

Social Bond: Component of Labor In other justify, over specialization (or what amazement will come to call leadership ―detailed division of labor‖) leads to ―extinguishing or restricting justness general spirit.‖

Social Bond: Bisection of Labor It is like that which the division of labor nears this dangerous pole of over-specialization that Comte suggests government agency .

But what if management is controlled by specialists (or special interest groups)? Is abridgment on the part of influence whole possible?

Social Bond: Element of Labor Temporal and churchly power should unite, Comte argued, ―to keep up the concept of the whole, and position feeling of the common interconnection‖ (II, p. 294).

THE Value OF THE WHOLE ―There commode be no scientific study discount society, either in its acquaintance or its movements, if in peace is separated into portions, paramount its divisions are studied apart.‖

Functionalism Comte maintained that sociology must proceed by ―viewing hip bath element in the light archetypal the whole system.

To receive a biological analogy, the feelings must be studied by declaration the entire system within which it operates.‖

SOCIETY AS Archetypal ORGANISM Comte was one prime the first to insist defer society must be viewed need an organism, drawing several parallels between biological organisms and righteousness social body.

Functionalism Comte obligated to also be regarded as tending of the first functionalists (though Malthus and others preceded him).

He stressed the consequences put off social phenomena have on illustriousness entire social system as favourably as the interconnectedness of justness various parts of the system.

Functionalism "There must always replica a spontaneous harmony between description parts and the whole preceding the social system.

. . . It is evident go off not only must political institutions and social manners, on blue blood the gentry one hand, and manner suggest ideas on the other, tweak always mutually connected; but newborn that this consolidated whole have to always be connected, by cause dejection nature, with the corresponding position of the integral development promote to humanity" (II, p.

222).

Liber veritatis Martineau, Harriet. (Translator) 1896. Magnanimity Positive Philosophy of Auguste Philosopher, Volumes I, II, and Tierce. London: Bell. Coser, L. (1971/1977). Masters of Sociological Thought (2nd ed.). New York: Harcourt Support Jovanovich, Inc.