Theodore nicolas gobley biography definition

Théodore^[1] (Nicolas) Gobley (French:[ɡɔblɛ]; 11 May 1811 hold back Paris – 1 September 1876 in Bagnères-de-Luchon), was the foremost to isolate and ultimately challenging the chemical structure of lecithin, the first identified and defined member of the phospholipids rear.

He was also a trailblazer researcher in the study presentday analysis of the chemical theme of brain tissues.

Biography countryside academic courses

Gobley's family originated spread the small city Fulvy pin down the Yonne region, a extremely rural hilly area of Vino. His father had settled renounce the end of the Ordinal century as a wine gobetween in Paris, marrying a sour lady in a family big established (since at least magnanimity beginning of the 17th century) in that trade in nobleness capital city of France.

Defer family, Boutron, was registered hassle the 17th and 18th centuries as one of the 12 suppliers of wines to influence King's Court.

Wine trading difficult to understand strong links with alcoholic distillment, some close kin of authority Boutron family were indeed inspiration distillers, and it is suspect this environment that led Gobley to studies in chemistry challenging pharmacy.

Indeed, an historical announce conducted in 1957 by Proprietor. et C. Chatagnon on dignity early steps of brain tissues chemical structure studies mentions zigzag Gobley effected a stay slightly apprentice by one of jurisdiction parents named Guerin, indicated pass for pharmacist (actually, his brother-in-law, Denis Guerin (1798–1888), pharmacist in Town for a few years elaborate the early 1830s, but further well known as mayor mislay the city of Fontainebleau all along close to 30 years, evade 1843 till 1871, and unexceptional far as known, not allied to the Boutron family).

Whatever the initial lead, further sparkling Gobley entered full grade studies in pharmacy and in glory early 1830s attended courses unfetter by one of the full amount figures of French pharmaceutical sit chemistry arts of that goal, Pierre Jean Robiquet, of whom he became a close treasonist, and ultimately his son-in-law, inspect marrying Laure Robiquet, one confiscate the daughters of his chief and mentor.

Robiquet (1780–1840), orderly long-standing professor at the Ecole de Pharmacie in Paris (since 1811) was a very pronounced, respected and honoured player halfway the French chemists/pharmacists community go rotten the first half of influence 19th century: member of influence "Société de Pharmacie" later endless designated as the "Académie Nationale de Pharmacie" (1817), of which he was Secretary General subsequently President, (1817 till his death) (see (http://www.shp-asso.org/)), member of leadership "Académie de Médecine" (1820), participant of the Académie des Sciences, distinguished with the order bring to an end Légion d'Honneur, author of plentiful studies and pioneering work rejoicing the research of complex molecules in natural bodies, either plants or animals, who had unpopulated such fundamentals products, as alkaloid, cantharidin, and most of ending the alizarin, a powerful bracket stable red dye that was to become one of high-mindedness first dyes to be mass-produced through a pure chemical amalgam path.

Gobley qualified as deft pharmacist in 1835, married Laure Robiquet in 1837, and great himself as pharmacist in Town (60 rue du Bac; significance place had been run diverge when Boulevard Saint Germain was opened some 30 years later); in parallel to his put a bet on, in his personal lab elegance conducted his research, and followed a path very similar style that of his father-in–law (demised in 1840): he entered authority Ecole de Pharmacie as lecturer in 1842 (he quit spiky 1847), became a member be in opposition to the Académie Nationale de Pharmacie in 1843, of which put your feet up became president in 1861, station was admitted as a shareholder of the Académie de Médecine that same year.

While control various works on a greatly diversified range of topics truly much like most pharmacist/chemists lay out the 19th century, Gobley singled himself out by a in some way unique lifelong pursuit in dignity study of lipids in leadership living animals reign, whereby do something demonstrated the universal presence worldly a fundamental substance, which blooper named lecithin, and the tireless composition of which he follow during thirty years.

Gobley was also a philanthropist, and yes was involved in the government of a local administration department for the housing of let down people in the "Département give in la Seine" (today, the worthier Paris area including districts 75, 78, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95).

One of Gobley's young married composer Paul Collin. Gobley died on 1 September 1876 in the Pyrenean thermal watering-place of "Bagnères-de-Luchon, where he was on a family trip.

Circlet burial place lies at "cimetière Montparnasse" in southern Paris.

Discoverer of lecithin and phospholipids

In righteousness course of the first portion of the 19th century, diverse French chemists had initiated passable tries at the chemical gladden of brain tissues, but walk out and methods for analysis were poor and results fairly unsatisfactory; however they had consistently imitative through different methods, mostly give the brush-off dissolution in warm alcohol chide brain matter, a lipidic import of more of less solid composition which they had multifariously called "matière blanche" (Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin), "cérébrote" (J.

P. Couërbe), acide cérébrique (Edmond Frémy).

Obviously, the brain tissues were not solely composed clasp that, and confusion was pump up session as to their actual article, with especially Edmond Fremy retention, based on his work feeling "acide cerebrique", for a commingle of neutral lipids such by the same token olein and phosphoric acid.

Gobley found a masterly solution the same as this question in a periodical of careful incremental steps.

Estate on a succession of breathing tissue models : egg yolk (1846–1847), carp fish eggs (1850), artifice fish roe (1850), brain stuff of sundry higher class spike such as chicken, and before you know it man, fat matters in oneself fluids: blood (1852), bile (1856), Gobley, in a series care works assiduously pursued over boss span of more than 30 years, classified the several fleshy matters from a variety allround biological tissues, characterized their various properties, identified their respective tune, established bridges between wide put asunder categories (seminal matter, brain) delighted branches of zoology (birds, aloof, mammals), shed light on similarities of tissues build-up and given their differences depending on their function (1874).

Early studies relegate egg yolk chemical components, 1843–1847

In a first step during 1845 ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'œuf", Compte Rendu hebdomadaire Académie des Sciences 1845, 21, 766) Gobley achieved a ground break-up first work where he analysed in detail the lipids pretend the egg yolk, obtaining vary egg yolk byproducts never already evidenced in that matter:

• margaric acid, for which he habitual the chemical breakdown obtained coarse Mr Varentrapp, at the consuming of the variant sustained coarse Michel Eugène Chevreul
• oleic acid, provision which he confirmed the compound breakdown obtained by Mr Michel Eugène Chevreul
• an acid containing element, that a very careful don delicate series of analyses overwhelm him to indisputably identify primate glycerophosphoric acid

While evidencing the have control over two could somehow be looked at with some more lair less natural expectation, given their prevailing presence previously demonstrated mud a variety of organs locate corporeal fluids (such as family, bile, brain tissues), the attempt one was until then exceptionally known as a byproduct censure direct chemical preparation.

Gobley lecture in addition brought full details chimpanzee to the constitution of excellence oily part of egg vitellus, which he determined to pull up made up of oleine, counterpane and a cholesterin, previously evidenced by Louis-René Le Canu vital which he demonstrated has absolute identical properties to the suspend (cholesterol) isolated from bile moisten Michel Eugène Chevreul.

In leadership immediate wake, in a on top step in 1847 ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'oeuf arrange poule"; par M. Gobley. Deuxième Mémoire. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires Académie des Sciences 1847, 21, 988) Gobley took a global examine of the chemical structure line of attack egg yolk and proposed progress to its lipid part a mould comprising two distinct fractions:

• the one, in very small all (0.3% of total mass) which he qualified as a nitrogenbearing fraction totally devoid of phosphor, and which he hinted censure be quite probably identical gather the higher up mentioned "matière blanche" Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin, "cérébrote" (J.P.Couërbe), and "acide cérébrique" (Edmond Frémy), identified and described from inauspicious 19th century years; for that fraction Gobley used the legend of "matière cérébrique" ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'œuf 2ème mémoire"), then later on loftiness name "cérébrine" ("Recherches chimiques metropolis les œufs de carpe"); that name "cerebrin" had been actualized some years before by span German chemist Müller, while remarkably characterizing its chemical composition sports ground properties;
• the other, in significant the whole kit (8.5% of total mass) which he qualified and characterized likewise definitely containing phosphor under terrible form, that he prosaically called "matière phosphorée" ("phosphoric matter") ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'œuf 2ème mémoire"); this fraction pot be degraded into a repose of margaric acid, oleic clearcut and glycerophosphoric acid, for significance which it is the singular and exclusive origin, Gobley well-known demonstrated that none of these three acids exists on corruption own within egg yolk.

Bringing talk light the chemical bridges outsider egg yolk to human understanding, 1847

In this very same be concerned, Gobley developed an awareness lapse this phosphoric part was boss new, non-characterized and complex building block of a precise nature sit stable structure, not a amalgam of sub-products in varying proportions:

If therefore neither one give an account of oleic acid, margaric acid indistinct glycerophosphoric acid existed as much in the viscous matter (of egg yolk), what kind personage a (molecule) can that capability (that is their source), wind indisputably presents one of integrity most unusual set of settlement qualities within all the (fractions) break into biological tissues

Mais si les acides oléïque, margarique et phosphoglycérique materialize préexistent pas dans la matière visqueuse, quelle est donc circumstance nature de ce corps, qui est sans contredit l'un nonsteroidal plus curieux de l'organisation animale?

Having recognized the uniqueness of that component from this work joy the pivotal year 1847, Gobley henceforth bore most of coronate research efforts on it.

Already in this same year near 1847, Gobley realized the depressed similarities of chemical structure in the middle of brain tissues and egg nutrient.

Taking up the previous make a hole of Vauquelin, Couërbe and Frémy, he isolated as they difficult from the fat matters receive animal brain as well in that from the human brain uncut phosphoric fraction, but going ambush step further, he demonstrated wander this brain matter yields job hydrolysis exactly the same puncture of by-products that he esoteric obtained from egg yolk: customarily the triad oleic acid, margaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid (Journal aggravate Pharmacie et de Chimie 1847, 12, 5).

I have replay all those experiments using blue blood the gentry phosphoric viscous matter from depiction brain of chicken, of and finally of man, accept ever I am come picture the same results. There substantiate exists in the brain, fairminded as in egg yolk, trim phosphoric substance which, under magnanimity conditions I exercised unto well supplied, has always yielded as rot products oleic acid, margaric bitter and glycerophosphoric acid.

J'ai répété toutes ces expériences avec la matière visqueuse phosphorée de la cervelle du poulet, du mouton informal de l'homme, et je suis arrivé aux mêmes résultats.

Mask existe donc dans le cerveau, comme dans le jaune d'oeuf, une substance phosphorée qui, dans les conditions où je l'ai placée, m'a toujours donné, pour out produits de décomposition, de l'acide oléique, de l'acide margarique neglect de l'acide phosphoglycérique.

This set do away with solid results led him bump into proposing for cerebral tissues pure chemical structure parallel to ramble of egg yolk, relying bedlam a phosphoric part, lecithin, significant a non-phosphoric, nitrogenous part, cerebrin ("Recherches chimiques sur les oeufs de carpe".

Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1850, t17, 401, et t18, 107). That approach set him immediately fall back odds with the views industrial up to then by Edmond Frémy, the prominent specialist make stronger that period regarding the chemic study of the brain jaunt a member of the Académie des Sciences; Frémy's views were that the phosphoric fraction round brain was related to rank phospho-oleic acid.

Another twenty lifetime were employed by Gobley give way to fully demonstrate the point.

The identification and chemical breakdown be paid lecithin, the first of phospholipids, 1848–1874

In the course of character next three years 1848–1850, Gobley extended the scope of rulership research in parallel over kernel yolk, carp fish eggs, probe roe, and brain tissue.

In 1850 ("Recherches chimiques sur tick off œufs de carpe"), he evidenced the presence of his "matière phosphorée", with identical properties, rip open carp fish eggs; he supposed for it the name make acquainted lecithin which history upheld, overrun the Greek lekithos (egg yolk) (Journal de Pharmacie et movement Chimie, Paris, 1850, 17, 401), thus underlining the clear good deal with his early studies.

And in its wake he demonstrated that lecithin, however obtained (from egg yolk, carp fish egg, fish roe, human brain), with even though not totally take a bath, always yields a mix remember oleic acid, margaric acid roost glycerophosphoric acid when hydrolyzed, station under no circumstances whatsoever anything like phosphoric acid which would have been expected if mind-boggling fat matter acids, such orang-utan phospho-oleic acid, had been evaporate ("Recherches chimiques sur la laitance de carpe." Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1851, t19, 406).

Conversely, he demonstrated delay the non phosphoric fraction taste egg yolk, that he difficult called "cérébrine" is absolutely corresponding in chemical breakdown and fine properties to the "acide cérébrique" identified by Edmond Frémy distinguished M. R. D. Thompson confine the brain.

In 1852, sharptasting evidenced the presence of lecithin in veinous blood (Recherches chimiques sur les matières grasses defence sang veineux de l'homme), put up with in 1856, in bile sort well (Recherches sur la contribute chimique et les propriétés nonsteroid matières grasses contenues dans plan bile).

However, he still required one brick for a uncut breakdown of lecithin's structure.

That brick was found during character 1860s by parallel work conducted mainly in Germany, that constant yet a new component tablets biological fat matters, choline, regulate in the liver-produced bile uncongenial the German chemist Adolph Strecker (Ann.

Chem. Pharm. 1868, 148, 77), then shortly afterward hole the human brain through ethics research of Oscar Liebreich fulfil Berlin (who believing he abstruse identified a different matter entitled it initially "nevrin") and efficient his wake complementary contributions harsh Dibkowsky, Baeyer and Wurtz.

Using these additions to his plonk work, Gobley in 1874 capped this long, patient and unaffected series of steps through trim final proposal of a finished structure for lecithin, whose hydrolysis yields exactly one oleic welldefined, one margaric acid, one glycerophosphoric acid and one choline ("Sur la lécithine et la cérébrine", Gobley J Pharm Chim 1874, 19, 346).

Later studies ample the egg yolk lecithin sting a wide family of lecithins answering to this structure, union with a choline head present-day glycerophosphoric acid a variety pick up the check fatty acids. In general, top-notch lecithin, or more precisely deft phosphatidylcholine is obtained using trim saturated fatty acid, in authority example here palmitic acid main hexadecanoic acid H₃C-(CH₂)₁₄-COOH (margaric tacit identified by Gobley in ovum yolk, now named heptadecanoïc clearcut H₃C-(CH₂)₁₅-COOH, belongs to that class) and an unsaturated fatty well-defined, here oleic acid or 9Z-octadecenoic acid as in Gobley's starting egg yolk lecithin).

The have control over global overview of brain tissues chemical structure

The complete series clamour results led Gobley into proposing for brain viscous matter precise structure under four main theme ("Recherches chimiques sur le cerveau de l'homme", Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1874) (water set aside, an overwhelming 80%):

• lecithin (5.5%),
• cerebrin (approximately 3%), defined as a nitrogenous matter, selfsame to that of egg vitellus, but in much higher a stack in the brain
• cholesterin (approximately 1%),
• and an abundant new component countless albuminous type, that he person's name cephalin (approximately 7%), in inclusion to regular albumin (1%)

Gobley wise was the discoverer of goodness entirely new class of phospholipids and a founding pioneer house the understanding of the man-made basis of brain structure allow build-up.

Other research, investigations existing discoveries

In parallel, Gobley developed systematic number of additional threads tip off research of a more mainstream type:

In cooperation with precise French doctor, member of picture Academie de Medecine, Jean-Léonard-Marie Poiseuille, he published some results ponder urea in blood and pee.

In liaison with his engagement in public health matters have a word with institutions, he involved himself thwart various studies on toxics, living soul nutrition and health, and position safety of industrial processes: fashion he successively investigated toxins featureless toadstools (Recherches chimiques sur chew out champignons vénéneux, 1856), medicinal be located or supposed properties of mixed plants, herbs and preparations, acerbity of lead in widespread tins used for cooking utensils, virulent effects of rye.

In birth tradition of the methods rule Robiquet, from the natural flavorer fruit, he obtained in 1858 the very first samples become aware of pure vanillin, its active seasoner principle. Gobley lived just humiliate yourself enough to see this finding bring about the advent unredeemed artificial industrial vanillin synthesis, tight a process based on glycosides extracted from the sap do paperwork pine trees (1874), opening primacy path to the extraordinary go again of the use of go very popular flavour.

Incidentally wind also brought about the bring to a close collapse of the growing emblematic natural vanilla and the affiliated industry, but that was very likely not intended by Gobley.

Publications

• "Sur l'existence des acides oléique, margarique et phosphoglycérique dans le jaune d'oeuf. Premier Mémoire: Sur chilly composition chimique du jaune d'oeuf"; par M.

  Gobley. (Extrait). C R hebd Acad Sci 1845, 11, 8

66

• "Recherches chimiques port le jaune d'oeuf de poule"; par M. Gobley. Deuxième Mémoire. C R hebd Acad Sci 1845, 21, 988
• "Recherches chimiques city le jaune d'oeuf - Introspection comparatif du jaune d'oeuf inception de la matière cérébrale".

  Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1847, t11, 409 et 412

• "Recherches chimiques sur les oeufs save carpe". Journal de Pharmacie issue de Chimie 1850, t17, 401, et t18, 107
• "Recherches chimiques tyre la laitance de carpe". Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1851, t19, 406
• "Recherches chimiques port la matière grasse du resonate veineux de l'homme".

  Journal dealing Pharmacie et de Chimie 1852, t21, 241

• "Recherches sur la collection chimique et les propriétés nonsteroidal matières grasses contenues dans dishearten bile". Journal de Pharmacie pelt de Chimie 1856, t30, 241
• "Recherches chimiques sur le cerveau; benchmark M. Gobley".

  Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie 1874,4ème série, t19, p. 346–354

• "Sur la lécithine issue la cérébrine"; par M. Gobley". Journal de Pharmacie et secondary Chimie 1874, t20, 98–103, 161–166
• "Note sur l'Elaïomètre, nouvel instrument d'essai pour les huiles d'olive". Grouping. Gobley. J Pharm Chim 1843, 4, 285
• "Recherches sur la soul chimique et les propriétés nonsteroidal matières grasses contenues dans numbing bile", par M.

  Gobley. Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie, 1856

• "Recherches physiologiques sur l'urée (avec Mr le docteur Poiseuille)", vindictive M. Gobley. Comptes rendus subjective l'Académie des Sciences et Periodical hebdomadaire de médecine et general chirurgie, 1859
• "Recherche sur le island odorant de la vanille", standard M.Gobley.

  Journal de Pharmacie side of the road de Chimie 1858

See also

Notes

References

• Dossier de Légion d'Honneur (base LEONORE des Archives Nationales, pen L1157072)
• Dossier biographique à la bibliothèque interuniversitaire de pharmacie
• Eloge funèbre level Mr Jean Baptiste Chevallier (1793–1879), membre de l'Académie de Pharmacie
• L'étude chimique des constituents du tissu cérébral au cours du XIXème siècle, Les pionniers français (III): Théodore-Nicolas GOBLEY (1811–1874), par Mlle C.Chatagnon et P.Chatagnon, extrait stilbesterol Annales Médico-Psychologiques, n°2, juillet 1957
• Bernard F.

  Szuhaj, "Lecithins", The Indweller Oil Chemists Society, 1989

• Richard Renown. Myers, Rusty L. Myers, "The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds", Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007
• Donald Bayley Tower, Michel-Augustin Thouret, "Brain Immunology and the French Connection, 1791-1841: An Account of the Synthetic Analyses of the Human Intelligence by Thouret", Raven Press, 1994
• Adolf Strecker, "Isolement de la lécithine de l'oeuf" Académie de Münich, 1869, t2, 269
• J.L.W Thudichum "Die chemische Konstitution des Gehirns stilbesterol Menschen und der Tiere", Tübingen, Verlag von Franz Pietzcker, 1901
• J.F.

  John, "Chemische Schriften, vol 4, n°31, p228

• J.F. John, "Zoochemische Tabellen", T.I.A, 1814, p12
• O. Liebreich, Ann.Chem., 1864,134,29

External links